![](/user_photo/_userpic.png)
- •Renal diseases
- •Kidney functions
- •Nephron - functional unit of the kidney
- •Investigation methods of kidneys and urinary tract
- •CAUSES OF POLYURIA
- •Some renal symptoms and their causes
- •Some renal symptoms and their causes
- •Anamnesis
- •Anamnesis
- •Physical examination
- •Facies nephritica (Acute GN)
- •Edema (Acute GN)
- •Edema (nephrotic syndrome)
- •Edema (nephrotic syndrome)
- •Paranephral abscess
- •Palpation of right kidney
- •Palpation of left kidney
- •Striking test
- •Auscultation of renal arteries
- •Laboratory methods
- •Laboratory methods
- •Laboratory methods
- •Proteinuria
- •Proteinuria
- •Urine color
- •Some renal symptoms and their causes
- •Haematuria
- •Haematuria
- •CAUSES OF RED OR DARK URINE
- •Leucocyturia - more then 2000 cells in 1 ml
- •Crystalluria
- •Measurement of the glomerular filtration rate
- •Markers of renal functional state
- •Creatinin clearance (90-140 ml/min/l.73 m2)
- •Creatinin clearance
- •Calculation of GFR with Cokroft-Gault formula
- •INVESTIRATION OF URINARY TRACT
- •Эхоангиография правой почки
- •Пиелоуретероэктазии справа (экскреторная урография)
- •Бессимптомные камни мочевого пузыря
- •Аплазия правой почки (КТ)
- •Нефрокальциноз
- •Опухоль почки (ангиография)
- •Проходимость артерии восстановлена после стентирования
- •Сцинтиграфия почек, б-ой Б., 52 лет. Хр. гломерулонефрит
- •RENAL BIOPSY
- •Нормальный
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt1x1.jpg)
Renal diseases
Symptoms
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt2x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt3x1.jpg)
Kidney functions
•Excretion of nitrogen metabolism rests (urea, uric acid, creatinin)
•Excretion of organic substances (glucose, amino acides)
•Regulation of water-electrolyte balance (Na, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4)
•Regulation of acid-base balance (absorption of HCO3, excretion of H+)
•Production of hormones and bioactive substances (renin, prostaglandins, kinins, erythropoietin, active forms of D3, urokinase)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt4x1.jpg)
Nephron - functional unit of the kidney
Found in cortex and medulla
Urine is created in the enthrones and drains into the collecting ducts
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt5x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt6x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt7x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt8x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt9x1.jpg)
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt10x1.jpg)
Investigation methods of kidneys and urinary tract
•Complains
•Anamnesis morbi (illness history)
•Anamnesis vitae (life history)
•Physical examination
•Laboratory investigations
•Visualizing techniques
![](/html/66322/162/html_ATnVTURHOx.CoPr/htmlconvd-ho68Vt11x1.jpg)
• |
|
Complains |
Nonspecific (feebleness, head ache, dyspnea, fever, nausea, diarrhea, itching, |
||
• |
arthritis, bruises and hemorrhages) |
|
Edema (face, eyelids) |
||
• |
Changes of diuresis |
|
|
|
-oliguria (<500 ml/24 h) |
|
|
-anuria (<100 ml/24 h) |
|
|
-ischuria (acute urinary tract obstruction) |
|
|
-polyuria (>2 l/24 h) |
• |
Pain |
-nycturia (predominance of night diuresis) |
|
||
|
-loin region (acute pyelonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, kidney |
|
|
infarction, |
kidney colic, paranephritis, nephroptosis) |
|
-suprapubic (urinary bladder) |
|
• |
-perineum (prostatic gland) |
|
Abnormalities of urination (disuria): painful, frequent (pollakiuria), |
||
|
difficult (stranguria), incontinence |
|
• |
Changed urine: red (macrohematuria), «meat slops», foggy, sand and stones |