![](/user_photo/_userpic.png)
Метрологія Тарасов
.pdf![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I51x1.jpg)
( –1). f t - ( , ( - (. ' - (- # ) t z z,% %.
, ) # " % t,
-, t- -’% . f t %" , % -. f " t % " ## . $ . 1.3.4.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= 1.3.4. |
||
|
|
|
# ,#; t - # E , E E # % J |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
|
; " # |
- |
- |
; " # |
|||||
|
# } |
# } |
|||||||||
f |
|
|
|
( %) |
|
f |
|
|
( %) |
|
|
95 |
99 |
99,9 |
95 |
99 |
|
99,9 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
12,70 |
63,70 |
637,0 |
|
8 |
2,31 |
3,36 |
|
5,04 |
|
2 |
|
4,30 |
3,92 |
31,6 |
|
9 |
2,26 |
3,25 |
|
4,78 |
|
3 |
|
3,18 |
5,84 |
12,9 |
|
10 |
2,23 |
3,17 |
|
4,59 |
|
4 |
|
2,78 |
4,60 |
8,60 |
|
11 |
2,20 |
3,11 |
|
4,44 |
|
5 |
|
2,57 |
4,03 |
6,86 |
|
12 |
2,18 |
3,06 |
|
4,32 |
|
6 |
|
2,45 |
3,71 |
5,96 |
|
13 |
2,16 |
3,01 |
|
4,22 |
|
7 |
|
2,36 |
3,50 |
5,40 |
|
14 |
2,14 |
2,98 |
|
4,14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
~ |
1,96 |
2,58 |
|
3,29 |
' t– # :
C |
|
x 0 |
|
|
x ts |
|
C |
|
# |
x0 |
= |
x |
± ts / n . |
' t– |
- - |
- - - |
# ( ( , .
& 2.15 # , ) •=95% |
# - |
( =5) t = 2,78, : |
|
x0 7, 50 2, 78 0,1 7, 50 0, 28 |
7,22 x0 7,78 |
H % :
x0 7, 63 2, 78 0, 01 / 5 7, 63 0,12 7, 51 x0 7, 75
51
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I52x1.jpg)
$ # # # # ( ( ,# # -z.
% % . /--# . H # -- €.
$% # # x :
x0 |
|
x |
ts / n |
|
x |
0 |
x |
ts / n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
] ) |
x |
x0 |
) # , x0 - x -
- |
|
- |
|
% ( |
||||
ts / |
n , |
|
x0 |
|
x |
ts / n . $ |
, |
|
x 0 |
|
x |
ts / |
n |
|
# , ) # # - |
# , % . * , -- % ,, #0=1,39%. ' "-. $ 6 - # # : 1,33; 1,27; 1,35; 1,36; 1,31, 1,26 %. x =1,31%.
$% " # , # , ) =6:
s |
xi |
|
x |
2 |
|
4 |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
1 7 , 2 10 |
|
0, 04 |
||||
n |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
||||
/ x0 - |
x |
=1,39-1,31=0,08. ' |
- - 95% - |
–1=5 " # # - 2,57, : ts / n 2, 57 0, 04 / 6 0, 04 . / x0 x 0,08 0,04 , #-
, # - 95 #100, - (5%) , ) ## .
52
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I53x1.jpg)
|
|
|
& < "% % |
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
! ##; |
|
|
|
|
' % . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$# # . $ |
|
|
|
% # # . ! - |
|
|
# # % |
! %, - , ( ," , - - , % ( # - % ), , -% .
H % ( ) -% % , -% , % . ' % ( ) -% #, # . ] ) -% % %-% "- , # -, - #- .
H % # ( # (- , , "- ) ). = # -% , ’ % ,% . * % % , (# % .
53
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I54x1.jpg)
1.4.1. +
! % - - ( % " . H , ) % - # ( # ), -% j # - -. ! # % %# , ) # # % , # -# .
( . -# ( -% % # % - " - , , - # % (-% ; # , ) %- , , # % ) . M % , )# % , % % % .
# # -, %% % %
# , - := - E
+ – & , 4 " -- " .
6 - % % % , ) 4 -. & % # % - %% :
E = E – E
E – , 4 ; E – '" , 4 -, 4 ''.
H # ( ) ( , ) ,% % , % # % % -# .
54
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I55x1.jpg)
, - ( ) ) - # - % . * , % ) " % ’
S = * r2 , 3,14 3,1415926, ) # -, # . = #-% ’ . * ,# , % -% .
* – -: ) , -, # .
4 , ) %- ’ ( -$) %% % %, # # # #. H $, -:
E = E + 5,
E – ; E – " ; 5 –.
* %% % , ( ) E E ,- . $ :
E = E + 5.
' %% ,E = E , - # : 5 = E – E.
5 & " # %
%, % # . $, # %,- , - # . & , -# # , - – . ' # % %
:
x x1 x2 x 5 x 5 ,
2 2
X – 3 " ; 1, 2 –; – ' " .
= ( -& , % %- 1800.
55
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I56x1.jpg)
5 $ % %-% - " , - -% "- % ( , -) ). , )- % % -- . & - -% # , # *-
, ’ % t1, # -1 ( . . 1.4.1); , ) :
1 |
|
2 4 |
|
3 |
|
2 |
2 |
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
|
/ 1.4.1 & -< &% ,# -%& &="
/ - ,# .
$ E % . / % , # % -# , % . ! -# . * % - #, # # # # % - # ( # # . $ #. ] ), ) # % - ( % # # # , # %-, # # # -# ( ) %% " %:
m
k i2 , i 1
56
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I57x1.jpg)
: m – ; i - $ -" "
" ; k- 3 & , ' 1,10 ' ->= 0,95.
1.4.2. % .
/ F " %:
tS x tS Sx
; " tS " % % n - > (tS = f n, P) % ’% . = , , % % -% #X:
x < X x
] , % # # #, % – . #
# Sx ( # #
#) % 2 – ' : |
||
2 |
2 |
N 1 Sx2 . |
f |
n 1 |
x2 |
' % |
||
# Sx |
{x. L |
( , ( n. ] ) % , Sx -{x.
H " " "- %:
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
f |
1 |
1 |
, |
||
P |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* e |
2 |
||||||
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|||||||||
f |
|
|
|
|
f |
|
|
|
||||||||
x |
|
|
f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
2 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
! 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
f n 1 – ; – (1, 2, 3...).
Vx - % ( Sx1 ; Sx2 ), %
" :
57
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I58x1.jpg)
Sx1 |
|
n 1Sx |
Sx2 |
|
n 1Sx |
|
||||||
|
g |
|
|
|
f ;1 |
g |
|
|||||
|
|
f ; |
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
, |
||
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
g – ' , |
$ 0,003 – |
0,1 ' 0,9...0,997.
# # % # ( #, #)-% >=0,95; # #,, -% >=0,99. = # #, ) %’ % -, >=0,997.
' % ( - ) % " , "-# , , #) . ] , # % -20–30 % . H% (’% .
D ) # & -. !% j %, # , % -% # -M, , ).
H n 10
-% , - - J! = 8.201-76. H # - %
- " . H" , ) -" ( % - , -% - .
H " - , -
( . ] )- %% , % # % ( , % # ( mi). $ - " % %Mi ( mi -
58
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I59x1.jpg)
|
% ), %% |
P : |
||
|
#( zi ) |
Mi |
0,5 . |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
n 1 |
|
|
|
zi, " zi |
f ( xi ). |
] ) " " - -, , ) .
+, # # -: 9,1; 9,3; 9,1; 9,2; 8,4; 9,2; 9,0; 9,1. - , .
/ . 1.4.1:
= 1.4.1.
! @
|
q |
|
xi |
mi |
|
Mi |
_ zi |
|
Mi |
0,5 |
|
zi |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
8,4 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
-0,39 |
|
|
-1,23 |
|
|
2 |
|
9,0 |
1 |
|
2 |
|
-0,28 |
|
|
-0,77 |
|
||
3 |
|
9,1 |
3 |
|
5 |
|
0,06 |
|
|
0,15 |
|
||
4 |
|
9,2 |
2 |
|
7 |
|
0,28 |
|
|
0,77 |
|
||
5 |
|
9,3 |
1 |
|
8 |
|
0,39 |
|
|
1,23 |
|
||
H |
( xi zi ) |
" zi f ( xi |
) ( . 1.4.2) |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/ .1.4.2. @ &=# % zi f ( xi )
59
![](/html/56404/1080/html_nz9kGZj4sp.vWLs/htmlconvd-LNFH8I60x1.jpg)
$ " ( .1.4.2) , ) -: ’- 5 = 8,4 -, - -# .
1.4.3.
* # # % %- , - . ! % , , -, ) # # . * # ’ ,% # , - # -, ) . !, ) # # ( #.
H # # % -, # : ' Q,, > , ' 3S, ' V (.
H # # % n 10 ' Q (- - % # # # -).
' > # ( n $ % ) % -# ( # % . ' 3S(E - X ) - # # . $ %- # . ' -(V) - % /- . / ( ( " Q > .
< # Q , ( , -
% : |
|
|
|
Q |
x1 x2 |
||
|
|
, |
|
xmax |
|
||
|
xmin |
: 1 – ( ) ;
2 – $ ; max- min – &$ $ -.
60